The adverse impact of fiscal hardships

 

As far as the inadequate support by colleges and universities, there are financial difficulties as well (Perna et al., 2009). A lack of financial aid can hinder persistence for students, particularly those of color (Palmer et al., 2011). In addition, many students suffer academically because they are overworking (Perna et al., 2009). However, overworking is the only way they can afford to attend school (Perna et al., 2009).

"Financial challenges may be especially great for the small share of Spelman students who are "non-traditional," e.g., commuting rather than residential students; students who are financially independent rather than dependent on their parents; and students who transfer into Spelman. A few students also describe challenges associated with the institution's timely processing of their financial aid awards" (Perna et al., 2009, p. 11).

Albrecht et al. (2016) and Broton et al. (2016) agree that retention increases when unmet needs are met. The results of a study by Broton et al. (2016) evidence the effect of a grant on students working while in college. Students who received increased grant funds worked fewer hours than those who received no grant. Working long hours has been known to have a deleterious effect on GPA and retention in general (Broton et al., 2016; Perna et al., 2009; Ramos et al., 2021; Scott-Clayton, 2011).